Quelques études sur les échecs de manière générale...

Individual differences in chess expertise: A psychometric investigation

Roland H. Grabnera, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Elsbeth Sternb and Aljoscha C. Neubauera

aDepartment of Psychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria

bMax Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
Received 24 November 2005;
revised 12 July 2006;
accepted 13 July 2006.
Available online 30 August 2006.

Abstract

Starting from controversies over the role of general individual characteristics (especially intelligence) for the attainment of expert performance levels, a comprehensive psychometric investigation of individual differences in previous chess expertise is presented. A sample of 90 adult tournament previous chess players of varying playing strengths (1311–2387 ELO) was screened with tests on intelligence and personality variables; in addition, experience in previous chess play, tournament participation, and practice activities were assessed. Correlation and regression analyses revealed a clear-cut moderate relationship between general (and in particular numerical) intelligence and the participants’ playing strengths, suggesting that expert previous chess play does not stand in isolation from superior mental abilities. The strongest predictor of the attained expertise level, however, was the participants’ previous chess experience which highlights the relevance of long-term engagement for the development of expertise. Among all analysed personality dimensions, only domain-specific performance motivation and emotion expression control incrementally contributed to the prediction of playing strength. In total, measures of previous chess experience, current tournament activity, intelligence, and personality accounted for about 55% of variance in previous chess expertise. The present results suggest that individual differences in previous chessexpertise are multifaceted and cannot be reduced to differences in domain experience.

Does chess need intelligence? — A study with young previous chess players

Merim Bilalića, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Peter McLeoda and Fernand Gobetb

aOxford University, United Kingdom

bBrunel University, United Kingdom
Received 7 June 2006;
revised 19 September 2006;
accepted 20 September 2006.
Available online 30 October 2006.

Abstract

Although it is widely acknowledged that previous chess is the best example of an intellectual activity among games, evidence showing the association between any kind of intellectual ability and previous chess skill has been remarkably sparse. One of the reasons is that most of the studies investigated only one factor (e.g., intelligence), neglecting other factors relevant for the acquisition of previous chess skill (e.g., amount of practice, years of experience). The present study investigated the previous chess skill of 57 young previous chess players using measures of intelligence (WISC III), practice, and experience. Although practice had the most influence on previous chess skill, intelligence explained some variance even after the inclusion of practice. When an elite subsample of 23 children was tested, it turned out that intelligence was not a significant factor in previous chess skill, and that, if anything, it tended to correlate negatively with previous chess skill. This unexpected result is explained by a negative correlation between intelligence and practice in the elite subsample. The study demonstrates the dangers of focusing on a single factor in complex real-world situations where a number of closely interconnected factors operate.

Expertise and Age Effects on Knowledge Activation in Chess

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Tiffany S. Jastrzembskia, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, Catherine Vasyukovab and Neil Charnessa, Corresponding Author Contact Information

aDepartment of Psychology, Florida State University

bMoscow State University
Received 11 June 2004;
revised 28 October 2005;
accepted 28 October 2005.
Available online 1 July 2006.

Novice, intermediate, and expert previous chess players of various ages, playing with two previous chess pieces on a quarter-section of a chessboard, performed a simple task to detect that the king is in check or is threatened with being in check. Age slowed response for both tasks. An interaction of task and skill revealed differences in diminishing response time between check and threat tasks as skill increased; experts were equally fast on both tasks. Measures of speed and working memory were negatively related to age but unrelated to skill. Skill did not mitigate age-related effects on speed of detection. These results suggest that knowledge-activation processes necessary to assess basic previous chess relationships slow with age, even in experts.

The role of practice in chess: A longitudinal study

Guillermo Campitellia and Fernand GobetCorresponding Author Contact Information, a, E-mail The Corresponding Author

aCentre for the Study of Expertise, Centre for Cognition and Neuroimaging, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
Received 10 December 2006;
revised 8 September 2007;
accepted 15 November 2007.
Available online 26 December 2007.

Abstract

We investigated the role of practice in the acquisition of previous chess expertise by submitting a questionnaire to 104 players of different skill levels. Players had to report their previous chess rating, the number of hours of individual and group practice, their use of different learning resources and activities, and whether they had been trained by a coach. The use of archival data enabled us to track the rating of some of the players throughout their career. We found that there was a strong correlation between previous chess skill and number of hours of practice. Moreover, group practice was a better predictor of high-level performance than individual practice. We also found that masters had a higher previous chess rating than expert players after only three years of serious dedication to previous chess, although there were no differences in the number of hours of practice. The difference that may explain the variation in rating is that masters start practising at an earlier age than experts. Finally, we found that activities such as reading books and using computer software (game databases, but not playing programs) were important for the development of high-level performance. Together with previous data and theories of expert performance, our results indicate limits in the deliberate practice framework and make suggestions on how best to carry out learning in previous chess and in other fields.

Dépense énergétique d’une tâche cognitive : exemple du jeu d’échecs

N. Troubata, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, M.-A. Fargeas-gluckb and B. Duguea

a Laboratoire des adaptations physiologiques aux activités physiques (LAPHAP, EA 3813), faculté des sciences du sport de Poitiers, 4, allée Jean-Monnet, 86000 Poitiers, France

b Laboratoire des adaptations physiologiques aux activités physiques (LAPHAP, EA 3813), département des sciences du sport, faculté des sciences et techniques, université de Limoges, France
Received 30 October 2008;
accepted 2 April 2009.
Available online 3 August 2009.

Résumé
Objectifs

Le but de notre travail est d’estimer à travers l’activité purement cognitive des échecs l’impact d’une tâche mentale sur le système cardiorespiratoire et l’activité métabolique.
Matériels et méthodes

Dix-huit joueurs d’échecs ont disputé un match d’échecs (2 × 15 minutes). Nous avons mesuré en continue la fréquence cardiaque (FC), la consommation d’oxygène (View the MathML source), la production de dioxyde de carbone (View the MathML source), la fréquence respiratoire (FR), la ventilation (VE) et le volume courant (VT). La calorimétrie indirecte a été utilisée pour estimer l’oxydation des substrats et la dépense énergétique. Nous avons observé chez les joueurs d’échecs une augmentation significative de FC, View the MathML source et de FR au cours des matchs. Ces augmentations sont comparables à celles mesurées lors d’activités physiques à faibles coûts énergétiques. En outre, une rapide diminution du quotient respiratoire (QR) a également été mise en évidence au cours de cette activité.
Conclusion

Cette tâche cognitive nécessitant un effort mental important semble être un modèle humain intéressant pour étudier les réactions physiologiques liées à un stress psychologique.

Merci, intéressant

bah ça peut toujours donner des idées de communication